| Major depression1 |
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) vs. sham rTMS |
≥50% reduction in scores on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale or Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale |
2 weeks |
25 |
49 |
5 (3 to 466) |
| Children and adolescents with non-psychotic major depressive disorder2 |
Fluoxetine vs. placebo |
Improvement |
8 weeks |
33 |
56 |
5 (3 to 33) |
| Bipolar disorder; manic relapse3 |
Training plus routine care vs. routine care alone |
Manic relapse |
18 months |
57 |
27 |
3 (2 to 16) |
| Major depression4 |
Slow, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) vs. Sham rTMS |
Severity of depression |
2 weeks |
25 |
49 |
5 (3 to 466) |
| Social phobia5 |
Paroxetine vs. placebo |
Treatment response (mean change in scores on the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale and the proportion of responders on the Clinical Global Impression scale) |
12 weeks |
32 |
66 |
4 (3 to 5) |
| Engaging unmotivated problem drinkers into treatment6 |
Concerned significant others (CSO) were allocated to Community reinforcement and family training (CRAFT- teaching behavior changing skills to use at home) or Johnson Institute (JI) intervention (to prepare for confrontational family meetings) or Al-Anon (a 12 step program) |
Number of problem drinkers engaged in treatment at follow up, change in concerned significant other functioning and relationship quality |
1 year |
CRAFT: 67 |
vs. Al-A: 20 |
3 (2 to 4) |
| CRAFT: 67 |
vs. JI: 35 |
4 (2 to 10) |
| Al-A: 35 |
vs. JI: 20 |
Not significant |
| Relapse in residual depression7 |
Clinical management + cognitive therapy (CT) vs. clinical management alone |
Relapse |
1 year |
47 |
29 |
6 (4 to 42) |
| Non-chronic treatment resistant depression8 |
Venlafaxine vs. paroxetine (control) |
Therapeutic response |
4 weeks |
33 |
52 |
6 (3 to 254) |
| Remission |
|
20 |
42 |
5 (3 to 21) |
| Alcohol related illness in ongoing drinkers 9 |
Integrated outpatient treatment (IOT-inpatient evaluation, treatment plan, monthly primary care visits to measure biological indicators of heavy drinking and offer help and efforts to involve family members) vs. standard care |
Drinking in previous 30 days |
2 years |
70 |
81 |
4 (3 to 35) |
| Social Phobia10 |
Paroxetine vs. placebo |
Mean change in scores on the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale and the proportion of responders on the Clinical Global Impression Scale |
12 weeks |
32 |
66 |
4 (3 to 5) |
| Relapse in residual depression11 |
Antidepressants plus cognitive therapy vs. clinical management alone |
Relapse and symptom ratings |
1 year |
47 |
29 |
6 (4 to 42) |
| Depression12 |
Fluozetine vs. desipramine (control) |
Continuing initial medication |
12 months |
20 |
42 |
5 (4 to 10) |
| Fluozetine vs. imipramine (control) |
|
|
27 |
42 |
7 (4 to 25) |
| Moderate depression13 |
Hypericum extract vs. placebo |
≥50% improvement in the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale |
8 weeks |
48 |
67 |
6 (3 to 50) |
| Hypericum extract vs. imipramine |
|
|
67 |
76 |
Not significant |
| Opioid dependance14 |
Methadone maintenance for 14 months vs. 120 days of methadone-assisted maintenance and 60 days of methadone-assited detoxification with intensivepsychosocial serivces and 8 months of aftercare (control) |
Treatment retention |
12 months |
55 |
74 |
6 (4 to 20) |
| Depression15 |
Fluoxetine plue folic acid vs. fluoxetine plus placebo |
Clinical response (>50% improvement on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale) |
10 weeks |
62 |
82 |
5 (3 to 30) |
| Depression16 |
Nurse telehealth care (12-14 calls to each patient during treatment in which the clinic nurse answered questions, offered support and discussed the patient’s mental and overall health vs. usual physician care (counselling and treatment with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) |
≥50% improvement on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale |
6 weeks |
37 |
50 |
8 (4 to 90) |
| 6 months |
38 |
57 |
6 (4 to 18) |
| ≥50% improvement on Beck Depression Inventory |
6 weeks |
33 |
38 |
Not significant |
| 6 months |
37 |
48 |
Not significant |
| Alzheimer’s disease17 |
Family intervention, which comprised 3 sessions of caregiver education, 6 sessions of stress management and 5 sessions of coping skills management vs. interview control group, which comprised of a1 session cathartic interview |
Caregiver psychiatric morbidity and depression |
3 months |
85 |
23 |
2 (2 to 5) |
| Family intervention vs. no interview |
|
|
77 |
23 |
2 (2 to 7) |
| Postpartum depression18 |
Support group (7 psychoeducation a1 visits in which partners participated in 4 out of the 7 visits) vs. control group (7 sessions without partner) |
Depression status established by the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Instrument |
10 weeks |
62 |
19 |
3 (2 to 15) |
| Fear of flying19 |
Virtual reality exposure (8 sessions, 4 of which involved information gathering, treatment planning, brief breathing training and cognitive restructuring) vs. waiting list control |
Proportion of patients who went on a round trip flight at 6 weeks and changes in symptoms (determined from questionnaire) |
12 months |
7 |
53 |
3 (2 to 7) |
| Standard exposure (8 sessions done at the airport with exposure to pre-flight stimuli and sitting on a stationary airplane with imaginal exposure to takeoffs, cruising and landing) vs. waiting list control |
|
|
7 |
67 |
2 (2 to 4) |
| Aggression and conduct disorder20 |
Lithium vs. placebo |
Responders on the Global Clinical Judgments (Consensus Scale) |
4 weeks |
30 |
80 |
2 (2 to 6) |
| Responders on the Clinical Global Impressions |
|
70 |
20 |
2 (2 to 6) |
| Bulimia nervosa21 |
Cognitive behavioural therapy vs. interpersonal therapy (control) |
Recovery at 20 weeks |
1 year |
6 |
29 |
4 (3 to 8) |
| Remission at 20 weeks |
|
28 |
48 |
5 (3 to 14) |
| Normal eating attitudes and behaviours at 20 weeks |
|
27 |
41 |
7 (4 to 92) |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)22 |
Sertraline vs. placebo |
Response rate (≥ 30% reduction from baseline in Clinician Administered PTSD Scale, Part 2 total severity score and Clinical Global Improvement – Improvement (CGI – I) score of 1 or 2) |
12 weeks |
32 |
53 |
5 (3 to 17) |
| Schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder23 |
Programme for relapse prevention (education about relapse and how to recognise prodromal symptoms and behaviour, active monitoring, clinical intervention when prodromal episodes were detected and 90 minuets of multifamily psychoeducation groups) vs. usual care |
Relapse free survival |
18 months |
66 |
83 |
1 (1 to 5) |
| No hospital admission |
|
61 |
78 |
1 (1 to 3) |
| Chronic depression24 |
Nefazodone and psychotherapy vs. nefazodone or psychotherapy (control) |
Remission (a score of 8 or less on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression) or satisfactory response (a reduction in the HRDS by at least 50% from baseline and a score of 15 or less) |
12 weeks |
48 |
73 |
4 (3 to 7) |
| Acute mania25 |
Valproate vs. placebo |
≥ 50% improvement on the Young Mania Rating Scale |
21 days |
46 |
70 |
5 (3 to 15) |
| Moderate to marked improvement on the Clinical Global Impression Scale |
|
50 |
68 |
6 (4 to 74) |
| Major depressive disorder (MDD)26 |
Titrated right unilateral electroconvulsive therapy (RUL ECT) vs. fixed dose RUL ECT (control) |
Cognitive disturbance (decreased ≥ 5 points on the Mini-Mental State Examination) |
1-2 days |
30 |
6.7 |
5 (3 to 22) |
| Secondary insomnia27 |
Treatment group (4 weekly 1 hour sessions with a therapist involving sleep hygiene instructions, stimulus control and relaxation) vs. control group |
Clinical improvement (measured by sleep efficiency percentage) |
3 months |
19 |
57 |
3 (2 to 12) |
| Secondary insomnia28 |
Naltrexone plus cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) vs. placebo plus CBT |
Drinking relapse (≥ 5 drinks/day for men and ≥ 4 drinks/day for women) |
12 weeks |
60 |
38 |
5 (3 to 21) |
| Secondary insomnia29 |
Risperidone vs. haloperidol (control) |
Need for antiparkinsonian drugs |
6 weeks |
75 |
50 |
5 (3 to 10) |
| Moderate depression30 |
Hypericum extract vs. placebo |
≥ 50% improvement in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score |
8 weeks |
48 |
67 |
6 (3 to 50) |
| Hypericum extract vs. imipramine (control) |
|
|
67 |
76 |
Not significant |
| Drug refractory schizophrenia31 |
Cognitive behavioural therapy (attaining a collaborative understanding of the development of symptoms and working towards reducing distress and disability) vs. befriending (control – sessions focused on neutral topics) |
≥ 50% improvement in Comprehensive Psychiatric Rating Scale (CPRS) total score |
9 months |
39 |
63 |
5 (3 to 28) |
| ≥ 0% improvement in CPRS schizophrenia change scores |
|
50 |
70 |
Not significant |
